Key to Media Types
Hardcopy	Website	CD/DVD	Videotape

Alcohol Interlock Programs: A Global Perspective - Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programs
RD Robertson, WGM Vanlaar and DJ Beirness
Published 2006

This report reviews the latest in ignition interlock technology from around the globe, as well as other nations' experiences in the use of ignition interlock devices as a tool against DUI. The topics are presented in a series of articles from a variety of authors. Traffic Injury Research Foundation
Affiliation: Judicial Government Other http://www.trafficinjuryresearch.com/interlock/documents/Summary_of_Papers_from_6th_Interlock_Symposium.pdf
Available online: click here

Digest of Impaired Driving and Selected Beverage Control Laws, 23rd Edition
NHTSA
Published 2006

Provides a listing of state laws dealing with impaired driving and alcohol control issues. Areas covered include the various bases for DUI offenses, chemical testing, DUI adjudication, administrative license revocation, other alcohol-related offenses and dram shop liability. The information is compiled in a consistent format in order to make research easier. www.ntis.gov
Affiliation: Prosecution Defense Judicial Government http://www.ncutlo.org/beveragelaws.pdf
Available online: click here

Alcohol Interlock Programs: Pushing Back the Frontiers / Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programs
DJ Beirness and RD Robertson
Published 2005

This resource reviews other nations' experiences with ignition interlock devices as a tool for combating DUI. Through a series of articles, it discusses topics such as the integration of rehabilitation and interlock programs, innovations in interlock programs and testing and certification issues relevant to the technology and devices. www.trafficinjuryresearch.com
Affiliation: Prosecution Judicial Government http://www.trafficinjuryresearch.com/whatNew/documents/Volume9Issue1.pdf
Available online: click here

Interface of Science & Law in Drug Testing
Mark P. Stevens and James R. Addison
Published 1999

This article, written by an attorney and a physician, explains that the scientific literature on drugs and their intoxicating effects is wholly inadequate for use in prosecuting DUI cases. The article considers the limitations of specific drug-testing methods, including immunoassays, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It further evaluates problems with false positives and cross reactivity in drug testing. The authors conclude that current drug testing is vastly inferior to alcohol testing because it can only detect the presence of drugs, but cannot prove when a drug was consumed or whether a correlation exists between the amount of drug consumed and its effects on a person's conduct and/or impairment.
Affiliation: Defense http://www.nacdl.org/public.nsf/698c98dd101a846085256eb400500c01/7e2489f2d3cca065852568480073b12f?OpenDocument
Available online: click here

Traffic Safety Facts 2002: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2004

In this report, NHTSA presents descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. Although the report is not solely focused on alcohol and driving, considerable attention is paid to these issues throughout the report. The statistics describe general characteristics of crashes; the types of vehicles involved in crashes; vehicle damage; and the drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists involved.
Affiliation: Government http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSFAnn/TSF2002Final.pdf
Available online: click here

Drug Court: A S.T.E.P. in the Right Direction
The 26th Judicial District of North Carolina in Charlotte
Published 2003

This video shows actual court proceedings and treatment team meetings from a DUI Court in North Carolina called the S.T.E.P. program. "S.T.E.P.," which is an acronym for Supervision, Treatment, Education, and Prevention, encourages recovery and aims to break the cycle of addiction, crime, and recidivism typical of DUI offenders. The S.T.E.P. program takes a rehabilitative approach to justice, incorporating intensive treatment, close supervision/case management, weekly drug testing, frequent appearances before the judge, and predictable and escalating sanctions for program violations.
Affiliation: Government http://nasjedui.unm.edu/video_pp/NCVideo.htm
Available online: click here

A Judicial Curriculum on Juvenile DWI and Alcohol & Other Drug Use
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges
Published 2003

This comprehensive curriculum encourages judges to impose appropriate treatment and sanctions on juvenile DWI offenders and to become leaders in the development of community-based prevention and intervention programs. The curriculum includes information on drug and alcohol trends, adolescent development, law enforcement, screening and assessment, dispositions, and engaging the community. In addition to PowerPoint presentations, the curriculum includes a workshop coordinator's guide, lesson plans, participant materials, and a video, "Beyond the Bench," which addresses judges' ethical concerns when engaging in extra-judicial prevention activities. The entire curriculum may be obtained from the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, P.O. Box 8970, Reno, Nevada, 89507, (775) 784-6012.
Affiliation: Judicial http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/juveniledui/part1/page5.html
Available online: click here

Impaired Driving: Drugs & Alcohol: Resource Guide
National Center for State Courts
Published 2003

This module provides resources on drug- and alcohol-related impairment, including resources on DUI laws, attitudes toward DUI, DUI facts, prevention materials, enforcement/prosecution, treatment, and model DUI courts. http://www.ncsconline.org/WC/Publications/KIS_ImpDriGuide.pdf
Available online: click here

Volume 2: Methods Report - Racial and Ethnic Group Comparisons; National Surveys of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior: 1993, 1995, and 1997
Dawn Royal
Published 2001

Differences in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors among diverse groups of persons (i.e., White, Black, Asian, American Indian/Eskimo and Hispanic) were examined by pooling data from the 1993, 1995, and 1997 administrations of the NHTSA's National Survey on Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior. This report for NHTSA describes the methods used to conduct the interviews and analyze the data. It also contains a copy of the most recent questionnaire.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/ntl/9353.html
Available online: click here

Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Crashes: Comparison Among Countries
Kathryn Stewart
Published 2001

This report for NHTSA describes the different definitions of key elements in the measurement of alcohol involvement in crashes in 20 different countries.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/AlcoholCountries/index.htm
Available online: click here

Evaluation of Use and Lose Laws
R.G. Ulmer, V.I. Shabanova and D.F. Preusser
Published 2001

The phrase "Use and Lose" describes laws that authorize driver licensing actions against persons found to be using or in possession of illicit drugs, and against young persons found to be drinking, purchasing or in possession of alcoholic beverages. The objective of this study for NHTSA was to assess the highway safety effects of "Use and Lose" in Missouri and Pennsylvania in terms of subsequent motor vehicle crashes and arrests of underage persons for alcohol or drug violations.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/alcohol-laws/eval-of-law/index.html
Available online: click here

State of Knowledge of Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Research on Repeat DWI Offenders
R.K. Jones and J.H. Lacey
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA reviews the scientific literature from years 1990 to 2000 concerning drivers who have been convicted more than once of driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI). The report covers the role of these drivers in alcohol-related crashes, their characteristics, and the nature and effectiveness of countermeasures designed to reduce their alcohol-crash involvement.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/PEOPLE/injury/research/AlcoholHighway/1__introduction.htm
Available online: click here

A Review of the Literature on the Effects of Low Doses of Alcohol on Driving-Related Skills
Herbert Moskowitz and Dary Fiorentino
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA analyzes the scientific literature on the effects of alcohol on driving-related skills. One hundred and twelve articles - from 1981 to 1997 - were reviewed. Two separate analyses were conducted. The first analysis determined the lowest BAC at which impairment is reliably present in driving-related skills. The second analysis determined the thresholds of impairment for each of twelve separate behavioral areas. The authors concluded that all drivers can be expected to experience impairment in some driving-related skills by 0.08 g/dl or less.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/Hs809028/Title.htm#Contents
Available online: click here

Driver Characteristics and Impairment at Various BACs
H. Moskowitz, M. Burns, D. Fiorentino, A. Smiley and P. Zador
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA describes the results of an experiment conducted to determine (1) the magnitude of alcohol impairment of driving skills as BACs varied from zero to 0.10% and (2) whether age, gender, and drinking practice characteristics of the subjects would differentially affect alcohol impairment in a sample of subjects who were broadly representative of the driving population. Using a driving simulator and a divided attention task, 168 subjects were examined at BACs to 0.10% for moderate and heavy drinkers and to 0.08% for light drinkers.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/impaired_driving/BAC/index.html
Available online: click here

Volume I: Findings - Racial and Ethnic Group Comparisons; National Surveys of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior: 1993, 1995 and 1997
Dawn Royal
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA analyzes respondents' behaviors and attitudes on the frequency of drinking and driving, general attitudes regarding the problem, enforcement, legal limits, prevention, and crash and injury experience. Differences in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors among diverse groups of persons, (i.e., White, Black, Asian, American Indian/Eskimo and Hispanic), were examined by pooling data from the 1993, 1995, and 1997 administrations of the NHTSA's National Survey on Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/ntl/9356.html
Available online: click here

Ethnicity and Alcohol-Related Fatalities from 1990-1994
Robert B. Voas, A. Scott Tippetts and Deborah A. Fisher
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA compares the relative involvement of ethnic groups in all fatal crashes. The researchers compared the percentage of each ethnic group's fatal crashes that are alcohol-related, in order to minimize the significance of variations in vehicle miles of travel (VMT), a statistic for which there is little data. Data are corrected for differences between ethnic groups in age distribution and gender. These data, as well as the distribution of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians-cyclists among ethnic groups are provided in tables. Also shown in tables are the relationship of the driver drinking at the time of the crash relative to safety belt usage, license status, prior DUIs, number of passengers, and age of vehicle.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/Archive/ethnicity/ethnicity.html
Available online: click here

Evaluation of Changes in New Mexico's Anti-DWI Efforts
John H. Lacey and Ralph K. Jones
Published 2000

This study for NHTSA is an assessment of the effects of the introduction of omnibus anti-DWI legislation in New Mexico in the later half of 1993 and the beginning of 1994. New Mexico further initiated an extensive statewide DWI checkpoint initiative in December 1993. Although the specific effect of each individual component on alcohol-related crashes could not be discerned because of multiple, simultaneous interventions, time series analyses indicated an overall reduction on the order of 19% in drunk driving fatal crashes (a crash where one of the involved drivers had a BAC of .10 or more) when the period December 1993 through 1995 is compared with January 1988 through November 1993. Crash trends in five neighboring states were examined as a comparison and no such reduction was observed.
Affiliation: Government http://www.NHTSA.dot.gov/people/injury/research/NewMexico_dwi/NewMexico_DWI.html
Available online: click here

Relative Risk Calculated for Driver Fatalities in Alcohol-Related Crashes
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2000

Using a variety of methodologies, this report establishes the relative risk of being killed as a driver in a single vehicle crash according to BAC, age, and gender. The report confirms that driving under the influence of alcohol at BAC levels below .10 percent is very dangerous and that reducing BAC limits from .10 percent to .08 percent is an effective method of saving lives for all age groups and genders.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/tris/00797048.html
Available online: click here

Examination of DWI Conviction Rate Procedures
Ralph K. Jones, Connie H. Wiliszowski and John H. Lacey
Published 1999

This report for NHTSA summarizes how DWI conviction rates are calculated. Arrest and conviction data were obtained from ten sites along with information and opinions from local officials on how DWI conviction rates should be calculated. When rates or calculation methods were released, calculation methods differed among the sites, and the type of conviction rate quoted was largely a function of the type of agency doing the quoting and the data available to that agency. Plea bargains, speedy trial laws, offenders who fail to appear, and pre-trial diversion practices can affect the DWI conviction process. Although it would seem that a state-wide, complex system would be necessary to provide all the data required to provide a system-wide conviction rate, the smallest site included in the study proved that, with cooperation from all the organizations involved, an effective system can be set up in any jurisdiction.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/dwiconviction/dwiconvictions.htm
Available online: click here

Alcohol Highway Safety: Problem Update
R.K. Jones and J.H. Lacey
Published 1998

This report for NHTSA examines literature and data on selected alcohol-crash targets or problems that became available since the November 1989 State of Knowledge review until April 1998. Specifically, this 1998 update addresses research since the 1989 review dealing with characteristics of drinking-drivers and drinking-driving that are associated with increased levels of alcohol-crash risk and/or alcohol-crash incidence.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/Archive/alcupdate/alcprobupd.html
Available online: click here

Determine Reasons for Repeat Drinking and Driving
C. Wiliszowski, P. Murphy, R. Jones and J. Lacey
Published 1996

This document reports the results of a study for NHTSA on why some individuals continue to drink and drive, even after a DUI conviction. All of the information for this report was taken from one-on-one interviews of persons convicted of DUI.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/reasons.pdf
Available online: click here

Motivating Anti-DWI Behavior Using Existing Values
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 1995

Arguing that the problem of impaired driving will not be solved until there is a social norm prohibiting people from drunk driving, this publication suggests that an effective way of discouraging impaired driving is to build on already existing personal values. According to this research study, efforts to prevent drunk driving should emphasize family and friends, health, and accomplishments, because they topped the list of things most valued in life. The research then discusses specific values-based approaches to preventing DUI.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/values.pdf
Available online: click here

Strategies for Addressing DWI Offenders: 10 Promising Sentencing Practices
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Published 2005

This document was produced as a result of the Sentencing Summit held at the National Judicial College in March 2004. It provides innovative sentencing strategies for judges who hear DWI cases, including use of DWI Courts, Staggered Sentencing, Sentencing Circles, Vehicle and License Plate Sanctions, Ignition Interlock Devices, Electronic Monitoring and SCRAM, Victim Impact Panels, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Drug Therapy, and Reentry Courts and Programs.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/enforce/PromisingSentence/pages/index.htm
Available online: click here

Traffic Safety Facts 2002: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2004

In this report, NHTSA presents descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. Although the report is not solely focused on alcohol and driving, considerable attention is paid to these issues throughout the report. The statistics describe general characteristics of crashes; the types of vehicles involved in crashes; vehicle damage; and the drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists involved.
Affiliation: Government http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSFAnn/TSF2002Final.pdf
Available online: click here

Rating the States--An Assessment of the nation's Attention to the Problem of Drunk Driving and Underage Drinking
Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Published 2002

This report grades each state on its efforts to eliminate drunk driving, reduce alcohol related deaths and injuries, provide victim assistance, and prevent underage drinking and driving. In particular, the report considers state political leadership on DUI; BAC testing, data, and records; state law enforcement programs; administrative measures and criminal sanctions; underage drinking and driving control; victim issues; the criminal justice system; resource allocation; innovative state programs; and actual drunk driving injuries and fatalities.
Affiliation: Other http://www.madd.org/activism/0,1056,5545,00.html
Available online: click here

State Alcohol Related Fatality Rates
Dennis Utter, Rajesh Subramanian, and William Deutermann
Published 2002

This report for NHTSA examines the extent of alcohol related fatalities in traffic crashes across states and over time and estimates the rate of alcohol related fatalities as a measure of the States Vehicle Miles Travelled. This estimate will help states evaluate the effectiveness of their drunk-driving countermeasures.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/alcohol/stopimpaired/Superbow_MiniPlanner/images/809-528AlcRatescolor.pdf
Available online: click here

Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Crashes: Comparison Among Countries
Kathryn Stewart
Published 2001

This report for NHTSA describes the different definitions of key elements in the measurement of alcohol involvement in crashes in 20 different countries.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/AlcoholCountries/index.htm
Available online: click here

Volume 2: Methods Report - Racial and Ethnic Group Comparisons; National Surveys of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior: 1993, 1995, and 1997
Dawn Royal
Published 2001

Differences in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors among diverse groups of persons (i.e., White, Black, Asian, American Indian/Eskimo and Hispanic) were examined by pooling data from the 1993, 1995, and 1997 administrations of the NHTSA's National Survey on Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior. This report for NHTSA describes the methods used to conduct the interviews and analyze the data. It also contains a copy of the most recent questionnaire.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/ntl/9353.html
Available online: click here

Evaluation of Changes in New Mexico's Anti-DWI Efforts
John H. Lacey and Ralph K. Jones
Published 2000

This study for NHTSA is an assessment of the effects of the introduction of omnibus anti-DWI legislation in New Mexico in the later half of 1993 and the beginning of 1994. New Mexico further initiated an extensive statewide DWI checkpoint initiative in December 1993. Although the specific effect of each individual component on alcohol-related crashes could not be discerned because of multiple, simultaneous interventions, time series analyses indicated an overall reduction on the order of 19% in drunk driving fatal crashes (a crash where one of the involved drivers had a BAC of .10 or more) when the period December 1993 through 1995 is compared with January 1988 through November 1993. Crash trends in five neighboring states were examined as a comparison and no such reduction was observed.
Affiliation: Government http://www.NHTSA.dot.gov/people/injury/research/NewMexico_dwi/NewMexico_DWI.html
Available online: click here

State of Knowledge of Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Research on Repeat DWI Offenders
R.K. Jones and J.H. Lacey
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA reviews the scientific literature from years 1990 to 2000 concerning drivers who have been convicted more than once of driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI). The report covers the role of these drivers in alcohol-related crashes, their characteristics, and the nature and effectiveness of countermeasures designed to reduce their alcohol-crash involvement.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/PEOPLE/injury/research/AlcoholHighway/1__introduction.htm
Available online: click here

Volume I: Findings - Racial and Ethnic Group Comparisons; National Surveys of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior: 1993, 1995 and 1997
Dawn Royal
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA analyzes respondents' behaviors and attitudes on the frequency of drinking and driving, general attitudes regarding the problem, enforcement, legal limits, prevention, and crash and injury experience. Differences in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors among diverse groups of persons, (i.e., White, Black, Asian, American Indian/Eskimo and Hispanic), were examined by pooling data from the 1993, 1995, and 1997 administrations of the NHTSA's National Survey on Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/ntl/9356.html
Available online: click here

Ethnicity and Alcohol-Related Fatalities from 1990-1994
Robert B. Voas, A. Scott Tippetts and Deborah A. Fisher
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA compares the relative involvement of ethnic groups in all fatal crashes. The researchers compared the percentage of each ethnic group's fatal crashes that are alcohol-related, in order to minimize the significance of variations in vehicle miles of travel (VMT), a statistic for which there is little data. Data are corrected for differences between ethnic groups in age distribution and gender. These data, as well as the distribution of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians-cyclists among ethnic groups are provided in tables. Also shown in tables are the relationship of the driver drinking at the time of the crash relative to safety belt usage, license status, prior DUIs, number of passengers, and age of vehicle.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/Archive/ethnicity/ethnicity.html
Available online: click here

Relative Risk Calculated for Driver Fatalities in Alcohol-Related Crashes
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2000

Using a variety of methodologies, this report establishes the relative risk of being killed as a driver in a single vehicle crash according to BAC, age, and gender. The report confirms that driving under the influence of alcohol at BAC levels below .10 percent is very dangerous and that reducing BAC limits from .10 percent to .08 percent is an effective method of saving lives for all age groups and genders.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/tris/00797048.html
Available online: click here

Alcohol Highway Safety: Problem Update
R.K. Jones and J.H. Lacey
Published 1998

This report for NHTSA examines literature and data on selected alcohol-crash targets or problems that became available since the November 1989 State of Knowledge review until April 1998. Specifically, this 1998 update addresses research since the 1989 review dealing with characteristics of drinking-drivers and drinking-driving that are associated with increased levels of alcohol-crash risk and/or alcohol-crash incidence.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/Archive/alcupdate/alcprobupd.html
Available online: click here

Motivating Anti-DWI Behavior Using Existing Values
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 1995

Arguing that the problem of impaired driving will not be solved until there is a social norm prohibiting people from drunk driving, this publication suggests that an effective way of discouraging impaired driving is to build on already existing personal values. According to this research study, efforts to prevent drunk driving should emphasize family and friends, health, and accomplishments, because they topped the list of things most valued in life. The research then discusses specific values-based approaches to preventing DUI.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/values.pdf
Available online: click here

Digest of Impaired Driving and Selected Beverage Control Laws, 23rd Edition
NHTSA
Published 2006

Provides a listing of state laws dealing with impaired driving and alcohol control issues. Areas covered include the various bases for DUI offenses, chemical testing, DUI adjudication, administrative license revocation, other alcohol-related offenses and dram shop liability. The information is compiled in a consistent format in order to make research easier. www.ntis.gov
Affiliation: Prosecution Defense Judicial Government http://www.ncutlo.org/beveragelaws.pdf
Available online: click here

Breath Test Refusals in DWI Enforcement
T.J. Zwicker, J. Hedlund, and V.S. Northrup
Published 2005

Although stronger DWI laws have helped reduce the number of people who drink and drive, the same laws may have also increased the number of people who refuse a breath test. While such a refusal may subject these drivers to serious implied consent penalties, it may also help them avoid a DWI conviction. Given these circumstances, this NHTSA interim report describes background information about breath test refusal rates and the extent of the problem resulting from recent changes in laws, reviews the refusal and DWI laws for each State, and discusses two recommended strategies for reducing breath test refusals.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/Breath_TestRefusals.pdf
Available online: click here

Traffic Safety Facts 2002: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2004

In this report, NHTSA presents descriptive statistics about traffic crashes of all severities, from those that result in property damage to those that result in the loss of human life. Although the report is not solely focused on alcohol and driving, considerable attention is paid to these issues throughout the report. The statistics describe general characteristics of crashes; the types of vehicles involved in crashes; vehicle damage; and the drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and pedalcyclists involved.
Affiliation: Government http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSFAnn/TSF2002Final.pdf
Available online: click here

Traffic Safety Facts 2002: Alcohol
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2004

Using multiple imputation to estimate missing information about blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels for persons involved in fatal crashes, this report provides extensive statistics on alcohol-related driving fatalities.
Affiliation: Government http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSF2002/2002alcfacts.pdf
Available online: click here

Drug Court: A S.T.E.P. in the Right Direction
The 26th Judicial District of North Carolina in Charlotte
Published 2003

This video shows actual court proceedings and treatment team meetings from a DUI Court in North Carolina called the S.T.E.P. program. "S.T.E.P.," which is an acronym for Supervision, Treatment, Education, and Prevention, encourages recovery and aims to break the cycle of addiction, crime, and recidivism typical of DUI offenders. The S.T.E.P. program takes a rehabilitative approach to justice, incorporating intensive treatment, close supervision/case management, weekly drug testing, frequent appearances before the judge, and predictable and escalating sanctions for program violations.
Affiliation: Government http://nasjedui.unm.edu/video_pp/NCVideo.htm
Available online: click here

Initiatives to Address Impaired Driving
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2003

This report from NHTSA looks at the safety problems caused by impaired drivers and suggests strategies for reducing driver impairment. Recommended countermeasure strategies include high visibility police, specialized DUI courts, DUI prosecutors, efficient offender processing, strong alcohol control policies and enforcement, and alternative sanctions/limitations on pre-conviction diversion programs. The report also recommends infrastructure initiatives: promoting statewide self-sufficiency in funding, increasing post-crash BAC testing, implementing impaired driving record information systems, establishing state DUI task forces, and enacting comprehensive state DUI legislation.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/IPTReport/FinalAlcoholIPT-03.pdf
Available online: click here

Drunk Driving: Seeking Additional Solutions
James H. Hedlund and Anne T. McCartt
Published 2002

This study investigates why drunk driving has not decreased recently and what can be done to reduce it further. Using data from traffic crashes, roadside interviews, telephone surveys, and other research, the authors present a clear picture of impaired driving today and critique various methods used to deter drunk driving.
Affiliation: Other http://www.aaafoundation.org/pdf/DrunkDriving-SeekingAdditionalSolutions.pdf
Available online: click here

Rating the States--An Assessment of the nation's Attention to the Problem of Drunk Driving and Underage Drinking
Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Published 2002

This report grades each state on its efforts to eliminate drunk driving, reduce alcohol related deaths and injuries, provide victim assistance, and prevent underage drinking and driving. In particular, the report considers state political leadership on DUI; BAC testing, data, and records; state law enforcement programs; administrative measures and criminal sanctions; underage drinking and driving control; victim issues; the criminal justice system; resource allocation; innovative state programs; and actual drunk driving injuries and fatalities.
Affiliation: Other http://www.madd.org/activism/0,1056,5545,00.html
Available online: click here

State Alcohol Related Fatality Rates
Dennis Utter, Rajesh Subramanian, and William Deutermann
Published 2002

This report for NHTSA examines the extent of alcohol related fatalities in traffic crashes across states and over time and estimates the rate of alcohol related fatalities as a measure of the States Vehicle Miles Travelled. This estimate will help states evaluate the effectiveness of their drunk-driving countermeasures.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/alcohol/stopimpaired/Superbow_MiniPlanner/images/809-528AlcRatescolor.pdf
Available online: click here

Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Crashes: Comparison Among Countries
Kathryn Stewart
Published 2001

This report for NHTSA describes the different definitions of key elements in the measurement of alcohol involvement in crashes in 20 different countries.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/AlcoholCountries/index.htm
Available online: click here

Volume 2: Methods Report - Racial and Ethnic Group Comparisons; National Surveys of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior: 1993, 1995, and 1997
Dawn Royal
Published 2001

Differences in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors among diverse groups of persons (i.e., White, Black, Asian, American Indian/Eskimo and Hispanic) were examined by pooling data from the 1993, 1995, and 1997 administrations of the NHTSA's National Survey on Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior. This report for NHTSA describes the methods used to conduct the interviews and analyze the data. It also contains a copy of the most recent questionnaire.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/ntl/9353.html
Available online: click here

Evaluation of the Illinois .08 Law: An Update with the 1999 FARS Data
Robert B. Voas, Ph.D.; A. Scott Tippetts; Eileen Taylor
Published 2001

This publication for NHTSA is a study on the effectiveness of the Illinois .08 blood alcohol concentration per se law. The study finds that the .08 law introduced in 1997 caused a 13.65% reduction in the predicted percentage of drinking drivers involved in fatal crashes.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/Illinois08/index.htm#Table%20of%20Contents
Available online: click here

Evaluation of Changes in New Mexico's Anti-DWI Efforts
John H. Lacey and Ralph K. Jones
Published 2000

This study for NHTSA is an assessment of the effects of the introduction of omnibus anti-DWI legislation in New Mexico in the later half of 1993 and the beginning of 1994. New Mexico further initiated an extensive statewide DWI checkpoint initiative in December 1993. Although the specific effect of each individual component on alcohol-related crashes could not be discerned because of multiple, simultaneous interventions, time series analyses indicated an overall reduction on the order of 19% in drunk driving fatal crashes (a crash where one of the involved drivers had a BAC of .10 or more) when the period December 1993 through 1995 is compared with January 1988 through November 1993. Crash trends in five neighboring states were examined as a comparison and no such reduction was observed.
Affiliation: Government http://www.NHTSA.dot.gov/people/injury/research/NewMexico_dwi/NewMexico_DWI.html
Available online: click here

State of Knowledge of Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Research on Repeat DWI Offenders
R.K. Jones and J.H. Lacey
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA reviews the scientific literature from years 1990 to 2000 concerning drivers who have been convicted more than once of driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI). The report covers the role of these drivers in alcohol-related crashes, their characteristics, and the nature and effectiveness of countermeasures designed to reduce their alcohol-crash involvement.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/PEOPLE/injury/research/AlcoholHighway/1__introduction.htm
Available online: click here

Ethnicity and Alcohol-Related Fatalities from 1990-1994
Robert B. Voas, A. Scott Tippetts and Deborah A. Fisher
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA compares the relative involvement of ethnic groups in all fatal crashes. The researchers compared the percentage of each ethnic group's fatal crashes that are alcohol-related, in order to minimize the significance of variations in vehicle miles of travel (VMT), a statistic for which there is little data. Data are corrected for differences between ethnic groups in age distribution and gender. These data, as well as the distribution of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians-cyclists among ethnic groups are provided in tables. Also shown in tables are the relationship of the driver drinking at the time of the crash relative to safety belt usage, license status, prior DUIs, number of passengers, and age of vehicle.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/Archive/ethnicity/ethnicity.html
Available online: click here

Volume I: Findings - Racial and Ethnic Group Comparisons; National Surveys of Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior: 1993, 1995 and 1997
Dawn Royal
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA analyzes respondents' behaviors and attitudes on the frequency of drinking and driving, general attitudes regarding the problem, enforcement, legal limits, prevention, and crash and injury experience. Differences in drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors among diverse groups of persons, (i.e., White, Black, Asian, American Indian/Eskimo and Hispanic), were examined by pooling data from the 1993, 1995, and 1997 administrations of the NHTSA's National Survey on Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/ntl/9356.html
Available online: click here

Relative Risk Calculated for Driver Fatalities in Alcohol-Related Crashes
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2000

Using a variety of methodologies, this report establishes the relative risk of being killed as a driver in a single vehicle crash according to BAC, age, and gender. The report confirms that driving under the influence of alcohol at BAC levels below .10 percent is very dangerous and that reducing BAC limits from .10 percent to .08 percent is an effective method of saving lives for all age groups and genders.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/tris/00797048.html
Available online: click here

On DWI Laws in Other Countries
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2000

This report for NHTSA compares impaired driving laws from countries around the world in order to better understand what countermeasures are most effective. The report focuses on the following types of laws: illegal blood alcohol content (BAC) levels for various classes of drivers; the minimum purchase age for alcohol; age of driving licensure; standard sanctions for first and multiple offenses;the imposition of more severe sanctions for drivers with higher BACs; graduated licensing systems; and systems for the regranting of licenses.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/DWIothercountries/dwiothercountries.html
Available online: click here

Examination of DWI Conviction Rate Procedures
Ralph K. Jones, Connie H. Wiliszowski and John H. Lacey
Published 1999

This report for NHTSA summarizes how DWI conviction rates are calculated. Arrest and conviction data were obtained from ten sites along with information and opinions from local officials on how DWI conviction rates should be calculated. When rates or calculation methods were released, calculation methods differed among the sites, and the type of conviction rate quoted was largely a function of the type of agency doing the quoting and the data available to that agency. Plea bargains, speedy trial laws, offenders who fail to appear, and pre-trial diversion practices can affect the DWI conviction process. Although it would seem that a state-wide, complex system would be necessary to provide all the data required to provide a system-wide conviction rate, the smallest site included in the study proved that, with cooperation from all the organizations involved, an effective system can be set up in any jurisdiction.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/dwiconviction/dwiconvictions.htm
Available online: click here

Alcohol Highway Safety: Problem Update
R.K. Jones and J.H. Lacey
Published 1998

This report for NHTSA examines literature and data on selected alcohol-crash targets or problems that became available since the November 1989 State of Knowledge review until April 1998. Specifically, this 1998 update addresses research since the 1989 review dealing with characteristics of drinking-drivers and drinking-driving that are associated with increased levels of alcohol-crash risk and/or alcohol-crash incidence.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/Archive/alcupdate/alcprobupd.html
Available online: click here

Motivating Anti-DWI Behavior Using Existing Values
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 1995

Arguing that the problem of impaired driving will not be solved until there is a social norm prohibiting people from drunk driving, this publication suggests that an effective way of discouraging impaired driving is to build on already existing personal values. According to this research study, efforts to prevent drunk driving should emphasize family and friends, health, and accomplishments, because they topped the list of things most valued in life. The research then discusses specific values-based approaches to preventing DUI.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/pub/values.pdf
Available online: click here

Drugs and Human Perfomance Fact Sheet
Fiona J. Couper, Fiona J. and Barry K. Logan
Published 2004

These fact sheets represent the work of a panel of experts who studied methods for identifying the impaired driver on the road, the assessment and documentation of the impairment they display, the availability of appropriate chemical tests, and the interpretation of the subsequent results.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/job185drugs/index.htm
Available online: click here

Breath Testing for Prosecutors
American Prosecutors Research Institute
Published 2004

This publication educates prosecutors about the basics of breath testing theories and procedures. It includes a discussion of toxicology and common challenges to the tests.
Affiliation: Prosecution http://www.ndaa-apri.org/pdf/breath_testing_for_prosecutors.pdf
Available online: click here

A Judicial Curriculum on Juvenile DWI and Alcohol & Other Drug Use
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges
Published 2003

This comprehensive curriculum encourages judges to impose appropriate treatment and sanctions on juvenile DWI offenders and to become leaders in the development of community-based prevention and intervention programs. The curriculum includes information on drug and alcohol trends, adolescent development, law enforcement, screening and assessment, dispositions, and engaging the community. In addition to PowerPoint presentations, the curriculum includes a workshop coordinator's guide, lesson plans, participant materials, and a video, "Beyond the Bench," which addresses judges' ethical concerns when engaging in extra-judicial prevention activities. The entire curriculum may be obtained from the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, P.O. Box 8970, Reno, Nevada, 89507, (775) 784-6012.
Affiliation: Judicial http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/juveniledui/part1/page5.html
Available online: click here

Impaired Driving on Trial
Governor's Council on Impaired and Dangerous Driving
Published 2003

Impaired Driving on Trial is a project to aid judges in understanding the science behind impaired driving, in order to more effectively adjudicate impaired drivers. The website is of particular interest to judges because it is guided by judicial feedback about the content, format and usefulness of the site. The web site provides up-to-date information about alcohol and other drugs, judicial sanctioning of impaired drivers, and sentencing of impaired drivers.
Affiliation: Government http://isdt.iusm.iu.edu/IDOT.htm
Available online: click here

Michigan Association of Drug Court Professionals: 4th Annual Conference
Michigan Judicial Institute
Published 2003

In this seminar, judges and drug/DUI court professionals learn about 12-step programs, the use of acupuncture in drug and alcohol treatment, coalition building and collaboration, DUI/sobriety courts, effective sanctions and incntives, psychopharmacology in people with addictions, relapse prevention, and therapeutic jurisprudence. The seminar included lectures, panel discussions, case studies, computer assisted teaching, discussions, exercises, and written materials. For more information, click on the link below or contact the Michigan Judicial Institute, P.O. Box 30205, Lansing, MI 48909, 9517) 373-7607.
Affiliation: Judicial http://courts.michigan.gov/mji/
Available online: click here

Handling Impaired Driving Cases
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Judicial Institute
Published 2003

This program covered common aspects of impaired driving cases: anticipating defense issues, dispositions, jury issues, motions to supress and dismiss, technology and testing issues (standard field sobriety tests, breath alcohol tests, serum alcohol testing, and hospital records), and drug evaluation and classification. The program included panel discussions, participant presentations, small group work, and written materials. For more information, contact the Judicial Institute, Edward W. Brooke Courthouse, 24 New Chardon Street, Sixth Floor, Boston, MA 02114, (617)788-6775.
Affiliation: Judicial

Impaired Driving on Trial
Indiana Department of Toxicology
Published 2003

These video segments detail the pharmacology and toxicology of alcohol and drugs, depict three standardized field sobriety tests, demonstrate the administration of a breath alcohol test on an evidentiary machine, debunk some common evidentiary challenges to breath tests, and describe the differences between screening and confirmatory blood and urine drug tests.
Affiliation: Government http://nasjedui.unm.edu/video_pp/IndianaVideo.html
Available online: click here

New Mexico DWI Benchbook: Criminal Proceedings Involving Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs
New Mexico Judicial Education Center
Published 2002

This benchbook for general and limited jurisdiction judges provides information on all aspects of driving while impaired criminal proceedings in New Mexico. It covers elements of DWI offenses, initial stops and arrests, field sobriety and blood alcohol tests, implied consent issues, trial, sentencing, and related offenses. The appendices contain DWI case flow charts, penalty charts, charge descriptions for entering case documents into the court FACTS system, Scientific Laboratory Division fact sheets and regulations, and DWI statutes and uniform traffic ordinances.
Affiliation: Judicial http://jec.unm.edu/resources/benchbooks/dwi/index.htm
Available online: click here

State of the Knowledge of Alcohol and Traffic Safety
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2002

In order to demonstrate what is known about alcohol, DUI, and the effectiveness of DUI countermeasures, this publication reviews the scientific literature published since 1990 on alcohol related crashes, alcohol's effects on the body and resulting driving impairment, drinking and driving patterns, and programs to deter impaired driving.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/outreach/traftech/tt265.htm
Available online: click here

Judicial Education on Substance Abuse: Promoting and Expanding Judicial Awareness and Leadership
National Center for State Courts
Published 2002

This curriculum for judges is designed to disseminate knowledge and expertise about substance abuse so that judges can develop new systemic approaches for dealing with offenders with substance abuse problems. The curriculum includes a faculty guide and three substantive modules that cover the nature of addiction, pharmacology, principles of recovery, and courtroom tools and strategies. The curriculum includes PowerPoint Slides, faculty notes, and participant materials.
Affiliation: Judicial http://www.ncsconline.org/WC/Publications/Res_JudEdu_SubstanceAbuseHomePub.pdf
Available online: click here

Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Abuse Disorders
The National Judicial College
Published 2002

This five-day program provides an in-depth look at co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders from the perspective of courts and judges, providing information on the nature of mental health and substance abuse; the fundamentals of treatment and specialty treatment methods; neurochemical changes resulting from substance abuse; and sentencing, monitoring, and treatment options for dually-diagnosed offenders. The program uses a wide variety of instructional methods and materials, including lecture, panel discussion, participant presentations, problem solving, action planning, checklists, slides/PowerPoint/Video, and field trips. For more information, click on the link below or contact the National Judicial College, 1664 N. Virginia St., MS 358, Reno, NV 89557-0002, (800) 255-8343. http://www.judges.org/
Available online: click here

Alcohol and Highway Safety 2001: A Review of the State of Knowledge
R.K. Jones and J.H. Lacey
Published 2001

This report is a comprehensive review of the state of knowledge of alcohol-impaired driving. The review covers scientific literature published since 1990 on the nature of the societal problem created by alcohol-impaired driving, as well as the effects of programs that have addressed that problem. The report also includes an extensive bibliography containing references cited in the review and other pertinent documents.
Affiliation: Government http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/AlcoholHighway/
Available online: click here

Traffic Court Technology
Institute of Continuing Judicial Education
Published 2001

This training program utilized a lecture and mock-trial format to demonstrate how technology applies in DUI cases. The program covered court technology, dealing with scientific and expert evidence, drug recognition testing, and drug and alcohol pharmacology. For more information, contact the Institute of Continuing Judicial Education, 123 Dean Rusk Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, (706)542-5150.

Marijuana & Alcohol Together Reduce Visual Search Frequency
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 2000

This NHTSA study assessed the effects of low doses of marijuana and alcohol, and their combination, on visual searches for oncoming traffic at intersections, as well as general driving proficiency in a city driving test. The study found that the effects of low doses of marijuana and alcohol on city driving proficiency and visual searches for traffic were minimal when taken alone, but potentially dangerous for traffic safety when combined.
Affiliation: Government http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/tris/00797051.html
Available online: click here

Traffic Survey Update Recertification
Institute of Continuing Judicial Education
Published 2000

This 2-day seminar covers the admissibility of Intoxilyzer 5000 breath tests, the science and operation of breath alcohol testing devices, mandatory DUI sentencing issues, ignition interlock demonstrations, giving implied consent and Miranda warnings, and the synergistic interactions between alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs. For more information, contact the Institute of Continuing Judicial Education, 123 Dean Rusk Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, (706) 542-5150.
Affiliation: Judicial

Marijuana & Alcohol Combined Increase Impairment
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
Published 1999

This NHTSA study assessed the separate and combined effects of marijuana and alcohol on real driving performance. The study tested drivers' reaction time, as well as ability to maintain a constant speed, a steady position in a traffic lane, and an appropriate distance behind an accelerating and decelerating vehicle. The study found that THC alone, and alcohol alone, significantly impaired performances on the road tests, but that combining moderate amounts of marijuana and alcohol severely impaired performance on all tests, so that drivers functioned as though they had a 0.14 BAC.
Affiliation: Government http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/MISC/driving/Marijuana%20-Alcohol%20Driving%20Study%20--%20DOT%20HS%20808%20939.htm
Available online: click here

Interface of Science & Law in Drug Testing
Mark P. Stevens and James R. Addison
Published 1999

This article, written by an attorney and a physician, explains that the scientific literature on drugs and their intoxicating effects is wholly inadequate for use in prosecuting DUI cases. The article considers the limitations of specific drug-testing methods, including immunoassays, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It further evaluates problems with false positives and cross reactivity in drug testing. The authors conclude that current drug testing is vastly inferior to alcohol testing because it can only detect the presence of drugs, but cannot prove when a drug was consumed or whether a correlation exists between the amount of drug consumed and its effects on a person's conduct and/or impairment.
Affiliation: Defense http://www.nacdl.org/public.nsf/698c98dd101a846085256eb400500c01/7e2489f2d3cca065852568480073b12f?OpenDocument
Available online: click here

Alcohol in the Human Body
Intoximeters Inc.
Published 0

This six-minute video segment on chemical testing for blood alcohol describes Henry's Law, which establishes a predictable, mathematical relationship between the concentration of alcohol in a deep lung breath sample and the concentration of alcohol in a person's blood. The video segment also describes the importance of observing a waiting period of at least fifteen minutes before taking a breath sample in order to eliminate inaccuracy problems arising from the presence of residual alcohol in the mouth.
Affiliation: Vendor http://www.intox.com/physiology.asp
Available online: click here

Ten Things Prosecutors Can Do for Stronger DUI Cases
American Prosecutors Research Institute
Published 0

This article gives prosecutors tips for investigating and trying DWI cases. It encourages prosecutors to learn as much as possible about toxicology, breath tests and possible defenses.
Affiliation: Prosecution http://www.ndaa.org/publications/newsletters/between_lines_volume_12_number_3_2003.html
Available online: click here